ABSTRACT
To Estimate prevalence of domestic violence and associated risk factors among pregnant women attendingthe Federal General Hospital, Islamabad. Descriptive cross sectional study. This research was conducted in the Federal General Hospital, Islamabad from May 2014 to October 2014. A descriptive cross sectional survey was carried out on 150 pregnant women by employing systematic sampling. Pregnant women without any serious medical complication were selected for study. Standardized, pretested, domestic violence questionnaire based on PDHS 2012-2013 was used to assess domestic violence during pregnancy. A SPSS version 16.0 was used for data entry and analysis. Descriptive analysis of all categorical variables in form of frequencies and percentages along with binary logistic regression wasapplied. Overall, [24.3%] women experienced one form of abuse, answering yes to at least one of the five domestic violence questions. This study demonstrated the educational level of pregnant women; income, parity, year since married and women empowerment were significantly [p<0.001] associated with presence of domestic violence. Parity was a strong predictor of physical abuse [p<0.001; OR=2.8,95%CI=1.3-3.6]. Women who belong to low socio-economic income [<10,000/month] were at significantly high risk [p<0.001: OR=1.5, 95%CI=0.9-3.3] of physical abuse as compared to women with middle and high income [20,000-50,00/month] . Prevalence of domestic violence among pregnant women is very high in our part of the world. The statistically significant associated risk factors with the domestic violence are low educational level of pregnant women along with low income, parity, and poor socio-economic status
ABSTRACT
To estimate the direct cost and its determinants in type2 diabetic patients visiting outpatient department of private tertiary care hospitals. A descriptive cross sectional study. This research was carried out in the diabetic outpatient department of Shifa international hospital and AN medical Centre from 15 November 2014 to 15 February 2014. The descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 108 diabetic patients [male 52%, female 54%]. By employing simple random sampling technique the data was collected from patients having diabetes from at least 5 years, with age limit between 30 to 80 years, with or without having complications through pretested interview administered questionnaire. The structured questionnaire was used for collecting data. SPSS 20.0 was used forrflata analysis. The percentages and frequencies were drawn in order to draw the results. The results showed that the average direct cost spent by a patient was 7704 PKR per month. More than half [66.7%] of the study subjects have suffered from diabetes since 5-10years. A larger group of respondents [50%] was treating diabetes with oral hypoglycemic. Medication, consultation, and lab investigation charges were the main determinants of diabetic cost. Per month medication charges were 3997 PKR, followed by lab investigation charges of 2441PKR per visit and consultation cost was 1298 PKR. Most of the patients [86.1%] were having one complication due to diabetes. The cost of treatment increased with the increasing age and morbidities. Diabetes is very expensive disease to manage. The affluent charges of managing diabetes and its day by day increased cases will put tremendous burden on the society